Sustainable Waste Management in Palm Oil Industry: Advancing Composting Practices for Environmental and Economic Benefits

Abstract

Palm oil production is a vital industry in tropical regions, generating substantial waste byproducts, including empty fruit bunches (EFB), palm kernel shells (PKS), and decanter cake. Effective management of these waste streams is essential to minimizing environmental impacts while enhancing sustainability. This paper explores the composting of palm oil waste as a sustainable solution, emphasizing the transformation of EFB, PKS, and decanter cake into nutrient-rich compost. The study discusses the role of pre-treatment methods, such as shredding and co-composting with palm oil mill effluent (POME), and highlights the advancements in composting technologies, including forced aeration systems, microbial inoculants, and automated monitoring. These innovations have demonstrated significant improvements in composting efficiency, nutrient quality, and greenhouse gas reduction. Additionally, the integration of advanced machinery, such as shredders, compost turners, and temperature monitoring systems, has proven essential for optimizing composting operations. The results underscore the potential of composting in supporting environmental, social, and governance (ESG) objectives, aligning with circular economy principles, and fostering sustainability in the palm oil industry. The findings highlight composting as a transformative approach that not only mitigates waste but also promotes economic and environmental benefits, contributing to a model of circular economy and sustainable development.